James Stills River of Earth A Neglected American...

James Stills River of Earth: A Neglected American Masterpiece James Stills River of Earth is a novel about life in Appalachia just before the Depression. Furthermore it is a novel about the struggles of the mountain people since the settlement of their region. However great it may be at depicting Appalachias mountain people and culture, though, Stills novel has remained mostly invisible compared to other novels of the period which depict poor white southern life, such as John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath and Erskine Caldwells Gods Little Acre (Olson 87). As scholar Ted Olson notes, there are several reasons for this neglect. First of all, Stills novel has been labeled as regional and therefore not as universal in its†¦show more content†¦And some critics thought it fudged fact and fiction. Stills novel, on the other hand, which never caught on with the mainstream, garnered consistently excellent acclaim. W.J. Gold commented that the story is told with clarity and strength born of restraint. The economy of its style and the directness of its aim give evidence of a mature and intelligently used talent (qtd. Olsen). In addition, some of the best American writers of the time had great things to say. Robert Frost, for example, one of the best poets of the Modernist era, commented that he had stayed up all night reading the novel. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings was struck by the novel as well. She called it vital, beautiful, heart-breaking and heart-warmingly funny (Cadle 197). Many of these critics who advocated for Stills novel tried to make it more publicly known and read. But in their attempts they took a serious misstep. When speaking of the novel they talked of other Appalachian writers such as Jesse Stuart and compared Stills work to his work and that of other regional writers. They made no mention of Grapes of Wrath or other popular books. They just grouped Still with other Southern and Appalachian writers and said his book was wonderful and much better than anything Jesse Stuart ever wrote. The problem with this was that most Americans did not read Jesse Stuarts work and those who had found it to have a kind of fake heartiness, a certain forced quality (Olsen

Abortion And The Politics Of Motherhood - 1556 Words

In this this political science paper I will go into depth on the book Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood to discuss Kristen Luker’s central argument about why people are prolife and prochoice today. Some argue that the central disagreement between prochoice and prolife activist is when life actually begins. As the argument goes, if the country could agree on when that occurs then the argument over abortion would end. I’m going to discuss Luker’s central argument first then demonstrate my knowledge of Luker’s argument based on the justices’ argument, ideas, and comments. After that I will show how we see her argument play out in the Slate magazine article about the Supreme Court. Luker’s central argument is that the debate over abortion has become a symbolic issue. This is now becoming a way to divide ourselves based on our social worlds. The idea of certain beliefs and values have been embedded into women’s lives through â€Å"their education, incomes, occupations, and the different marital and family choices they have made along the way† (Luker, 214). Each side of activists finds themselves on a different side of the social world â€Å"they are financially successful or they are not. They become highly educated or they do not. They become married and have a large family, or they have a small one† (Luker, 214). With each of these steps their views and lives have â€Å"undergone either ratification or revision† (Luker, 215). There are two different worlds that prochoice and prolifeShow MoreRelatedReproductive Rights as a Historical and Feminist Issue914 Words   |  4 PagesReproductive Rights as a Contemporary and Historic al Feminist Issue Essay #1 / Final Exam American Women’s History H. June Laves One of the biggest issues facing women in American society today has been an issue bouncing around in politics for decades: reproductive rights. Women can never have equal opportunity to men without equal opportunity to make their own decisions about their bodies. Reproductive rights for women not only include the right to abort a pregnancy, but it also involvesRead MoreAdoption: the Alternative to Abortion1489 Words   |  6 PagesAdoption: The Alternative to Abortion The word â€Å"positive† is both feared and revered by women around the globe. A simple plus sign on a pregnancy test can be cause for elation or terror. Nearly half of pregnancies among American women are unintended, and four in 10 of these are terminated by abortion (Finer and Henshaw 2001). Abortion, legalized in 1973 by the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, is defined by the Merriam-Websters Dictionary of Law as the termination of a pregnancy after, accompaniedRead MoreThe Second Sex By Simone De Beauvoir888 Words   |  4 Pagesgender-based oppression during the twentieth century. However, the philosophy that de Beauvoir espoused in The Second Sex still proves relevant to contemporary women. In the United States, conservative politicians have sought to eliminate legalized abortion, thereby limiting the reproductive freedom of women. The enforcement of the gender pay-gap has led to economic inequality. Additionally, a practice of sexual shaming, known as slut- shaming, has originated within popular culture to denounceRead More The Debate Over Abortion Essay2024 Words   |  9 PagesWith the ongoing debate and the advancement of technology in determining the viability of a fetus, abortion, the ending of a pregnancy by removing a fertilized egg, has become increasingly controversial. The morality of abortion has caused many to separate into opposite sides of the spectrum, pro-life and pro-choice. The arguments over abortion has stirred a continuous debate between a pro-choice stance such as that presented by the analogical reasoning of Thomson or Glover’s examination of socialRead MoreEthical Issue Of Elective Abortion Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesnews articles, two of which are New Zealand-centric, on the subject of elective abortion were published on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of June. News The first article I read called attention to New Zealand’s elective abortion laws, which criminalises elective abortion. The article claimed that the laws are outdated and requires change. It mentioned the pro-elective abortion faction’s campaign to remove elective abortion from the 1961 Crimes Act and its advocacy towards making it a health issue, claimingRead MoreWomen s Issue Paper : Abortion1285 Words   |  6 PagesWoman’s Issue Paper: Abortion Abortion: a ·bor ·tion/əˈbà ´rSH(É™)n/noun 1. the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy (Abortion-Dictionary.com ). One in every three women have an abortion by the age of 45 (Operation Rescue Inc). Though the act of abortion is common it has been an emotionally draining debate since the mid 1970’s, but has always been a hot topic since the 1800’s. There are two sides to this debate. One side is pro-lifeRead More Abortion Ethics Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages The argument of abortion has been raging since the Supreme Court case, Roe vs. Wade, in 1973. This court case has divided the country into two factions: pro-choice and pro-life. Pro-life advocates argue that abortions are murder and extreme levels of child abuse. While pro-choice advocates believe abortions are a justifiable means to end pregnancies. The pro-choice argument is that the fetus is not yet a human being and its rights should not override that of the mother’s. An importance on whatRead MoreArgument for Abortion911 Words   |  4 PagesThe argument of abortion has been raging since the Supreme Court case, Roe vs. Wade, in 1973. This court case has divided the country into two factions: pro-choice and pro-life. Pro-life advocates argue that abortions are murder and extreme levels of child abuse. While pro-choice advocates believe abortions are a justifiable means to end pregnancies. The pro-choice argument is that the fetus is not yet a human being and its rights should not override that of the mothers. An importance onRead MoreAbortion: A Womans Right to Choose Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesalley abortions and gave women the right to choose abortion. 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In other cases the countries themselves are homogenous in law, but

Toefl Free Essays

string(38) " OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\." 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL ® will help you improve your score on the TOEFL test. In particular, this book will build your TOEFL vocabulary for the new Internet-based TOEFL of 2005. This book is designed for ease of use as a self-study guide. We will write a custom essay sample on Toefl or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its chapters were written for easy completion in one sitting—about 25 minutes. 400 Must-Have Words is also highly effective in the TOEFL-prep classroom. Each chapter begins with a list of 10 target words. These words are defined and used in sample sentences.Usage tips are given for many words, as are any commonly used parts of speech related to the target word. Following these definitions, the words are practiced in three exercises. TOEFL Prep I and TOEFL Prep II give straightforward practice in a variety of easy exercise styles. The last exercise,TOEFL Success, includes a TOEFLstyle reading followed by one or two authentic TOEFL-style questions. Most TOEFL Success readings incorporate all 10 target words, and most also include an additional bonus structure. Each chapter ends with an answer key so you can check your work.As an extra feature, this book includes a special front section called â€Å"Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL ®. † These hints give general test-taking advice for TOEFL success. This book was written by ELT professionals who help prepare students for the TOEFL test. Their selection of words for this book was based on extensive experience with the TOEFL test, information about the corpus (body of words) that is used in creating the actual TOEFL test, and TOEFL materials published by ETS, the creators of the TOEFL test. 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL ® is the best book on the market to improve your vocabulary for the TOEFL test.Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. This page intentionally left blank. Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL ® 1. Try to understand a reading or lecture as a whole. Unlike earlier versions of the TOEFL, the new version tests whether you can see how ideas interact in a longer reading. 2. Take notes. Especially in the listening section, you will need notes to remember what you have heard. Note-taking will also help you concentrate. You can practice by taking notes of news stories, documentaries, or lectures. 3.Study grammar in context, not by itself. Unlike earlier versions of the TOEFL, the new version has no grammar section. Your knowledge of grammar is useful in helping you understand the readings and lectures, not in answering grammar-specific questions. 4. Practice writing essays that express your opinion on a topic. The writing section of the 2005 TOEFL includes questions asking for your opinion on various daily topics. These are timed. Practice writing under a time limit, shaping your thoughts into a well-rounded essay. 5. Build up your academic vocabulary.Your ability to comprehend reading passages rests largely on your academic vocabulary. Build your vocabulary by reading, making flash cards, and writing sentences using new words in context. A strong vocabulary will help you not only in your reading comprehension, but also in listening, writing, and speaking. 6. Commit your attention to the test. Some of the topics covered in the test may not actually interest you. Still, your focused energy will improve your test score. Agree with yourself not to think about other topics during the test. Force yourself to keep your attention on the tested material.Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. This page intentionally left blank. 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL ® This page intentionally left blank. This page intentionally left blank. 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL ® LYNN STAFFORD-YILMAZ LAWRENCE J. ZWIER MCGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco †¢ Lisbon London †¢ Madrid †¢ Mexico City †¢ Milan †¢ New Delhi San Juan †¢ Seoul †¢ Singapore †¢ Sydney †¢ Toronto †¢ †¢ Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America.Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-146707-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-144328-2. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill. com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (â€Å"McGraw-Hill†) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms.Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED â€Å"AS IS. McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You read "Toefl" in category "Papers" McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free.Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of an y information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10. 1036/0071467076 Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. This book is dedicated to my late father, Richard J. Zwier, an intelligent, unselfish man. And to my dear friend Sepideh Farsai, who developed a keen command of both the vocabulary and idioms of English. This page intentionally left blank.   Usage tips Aggregate is often followed by a term like sum, total, or numbers. Parts of speech aggregate v, aggregate n Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 4 Nature 4. cultivation n. Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for agricultural purposes With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers were able to settle in one place. Parts of speech cultivate v 5. fertilize v. To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful substances to the soil This farm fertilizes tomatoes more than any other crop. Parts of speech fertilizer n, fertilization n 6. ntensify v. To increase in power; to act with increased strength Jacob’s long absence intensified his certainty that he should marry Rose. Parts of speech intensification n, intense adj 7. irrigation n. The supplying of water to dry land In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farmland for irrigation. Parts of speech irrigate v 8. obtain v. To gain possession of; to get After a series of difficult interviews, he finally was able to obtain the job. 9. photosynthesis n. The process by which green plants make their own food by combining water, salts, and carbon dioxide in the presence of light. Oxygen is a by-product of the process of photosynthesis. Parts of speech photosynthesize v 10. precipitation n. Water that falls to the Earth’s surface In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich, green plant life. Food Crops 5 TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once. abandoned precipitation cultivation fertilize photosynthesis 1. Through __________, green plants create organic materials with the help of chlorophyll. 2.The coastal city gets half of its __________ during the months of January, February, and March. 3. Farmers use various methods of land __________. 4. When they heard the hull crack, all but two of the sailors __________ ship. 5. Inexperienced gardeners may not realize how important it is that they __________ their plants. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. obtain 2. intensify 3. irrigation 4. aggregate 5. adversely (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) weaken separate lose drainage positivelyTOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. In countries like Niger and Mauritania, the cultivation of land has changed little in the past several centuries. Additionally, these countries’ mono-modal rainfall pattern brings precipitation for only three months during the year. As a result, food production doesn’t nearly meet demand. Bonus Structure— As a result means â€Å"therefore,† â€Å"for this reason. † 6 Nature Several agencies and organizations have intensified their efforts to increase the productivity of land in these countries.They have introduced new strains of seed, improved irrigation techniques, and introduced new methods of fertilization and soil management. With ample sunlight for photosynthesis and modern irrigation techniques, sustainable farming techniques should allow farmers to boost aggregate production in order to meet demand. Still, crop revitalization faces an unexpected adversary: institutional incompetence. Where crop specialists have convinced individual farmers to abandon old farming techniques in place of new, they can’t readily obtain the governmental cooperation they need. The biggest hurdles are political corruption, incompetence, and the absence of a marketing infrastructure. 1. In this passage, the word adversary is closest in meaning to a. b. c. d. friend helper enemy leader 2. In the last paragraph, the word they refers to a. b. c. d. crop specialists farmers farming techniques adversaries Lesson 1 Food Crops TOEFL Prep I 1. photosynthesis 2. precipitation 3. cultivation 4. abandoned 5. fertilize TOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. e TOEFL Success 1. c 2. a LESSON 2 Disaster Target Words 1. anticipate 2. catastrophic 3. collide 4. ruption 5. famine 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. flood impact persevere plunge unleash Definitions and Samples 1. anticipate v. To expect; to sense something before it happens By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate some tremors in time to warn the public. Parts of speech anticipation n, anticipatory adj 2. catastrophic adj. Extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident. Parts of speech catastrophe n, catastrophically adv 3. collide v. To come together with great or violent forceAs usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws’ views on politics collided with their own. Parts of speech collision n Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 8 Nature 4. eruption n. A sudden, often violent, outburst The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and immeasurable change to the face of the mountain. Usage tips Eruption is often followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech erupt v 5. famine n. Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America. . flood n. An overflowing of water; an excessive amount The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town. The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their opponents. Parts of speech flood v 7. impact n. A strong influence The speech about the importance of education made an impact on me. Usage tips Impact is usually followed by on or of. Parts of speech impact v 8. persevere v. To keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to maintain a purpose The hikers persevered despite the bad weather and the icy trail. Parts of speech persist v, persistent adj 9. plunge v.To go down suddenly; to decrease by a great amount in a short time He jumped off the diving board and plunged into the pool. The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive was arrested. Disaster 9 Usage tips Plunge is often followed by an into phrase. Parts of speech plunge n 10. unleash v. To release a thing or an emotion When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed their dogs. He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash his feelings. TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column.Write the letter in the blank. 1. persevere 2. anticipate 3. famine 4. collide 5. catastrophic (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) to pass by without hitting to give up to not see something coming harmless excess of food TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Residents of Hawaii must accept the possibility of a volcanic (eruption / perseverance). 2. Years after the accident, she was finally able to (anticipate / unleash) her feelings of anger. 3. Houses along the river often face (famine / flooding) during the rainy season. 4. Many people think it is cruel to (collide / plunge) live lobsters into boiling water. . A well-written essay should make some kind of (catastrophe / impact) on its readers. 10 Nature TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. Nature challenges humans in many ways, through disease, weather, and famine. For those living along the coast, one unusual phenomenon capable of catastrophic destruction is the tsunami (pronounced â€Å"tsoo-NAH-mee†). A tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of meteorites can generate tsunamis.Starting at sea, a tsunami slowly approaches land, growing in height and losing energy through bottom friction and turbulence. Still, just like any other water waves, tsunamis unleash tremendous energy as they plunge onto the shore. They have great erosion potential, stripping beaches of sand, undermining trees, and flooding hundreds of meters inland. They can easily crush cars, homes, vegetation, and anything they collide with. To minimize the devastation of a tsunami, scientists are constantly trying to anticipate them more accurately and more quickly.Because many factors come together to produce a life-threatening Bonus Structure— tsunami, foreseeing them is not easy. Despite this, researchers Despite this in meteorology persevere in studying and predicting tsunami means â€Å"even so; regardless. † behavior. 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? a. Tsunamis could become a new source of usable energy in the next hundred years. b. Tsunamis do more damage to the land than flooding. c. Tsunamis can have an especially catastrophic impact on coastal communities. d. Scientists an predict and track tsunamis with a fair degree of accuracy, reducing their potential impact. 2. In the first sentence, why does the author mention weather? a. b. c. d. because tsunamis are caused by bad weather because tsunamis are more destructive than weather phenomena as an example of a destructive natural force as an introduction to the topic of coastal storms Disaster 11 Lesson 2 Disaster TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d TOEFL Prep II 1. eruption 2. unleash 3. flooding 4. plunge 5. impact TOEFL Success 1. c 2. c LESSON 3 Evolution and Migration Target Words 1. dapt 2. diverse 3. evolve 4. feature 5. generation 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. inherent migration physical process survive Definitions and Samples 1. adapt v. To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures. The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students. Usage tips Adapt is often followed by to. Parts of speech adaptation n, adapter n, adaptable adj 2. diverse n. Various; showing a lot of differences within a group India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. Usage tips An -ly adverb (e. g. linguistically) often comes before diverse. Parts of speech diversify v, diversity n, diversification n 3. evolve v. To develop; to come forth Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived more than 200 million years ago. Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Evolution and Migration 13 Usage tips Evolve is often followed by into or from. Parts of speech evolution n, evolutionist n 4. feature n. Part, characteristic The best feature of this car is its heated seats. Usage tips Feature is often followed by of. Parts of speech feature v 5. eneration n. A group of people born at about the same time As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control of the company. Usage tips Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or older is common. Generation is often followed by of. Parts of speech generational adj 6. inherent adj. Naturally characteristic; always found within something, because it’s a basic part of that thing No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any kind of work. Usage tips Inherent is often followed by in. Parts of speech inherently adv 7. migration n.Movement from one place to another by a group of people or animals The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends primarily on the harvest. Usage tips Migration is often followed by to or from. Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj 8. physical adj. Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen or felt Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical ability to speak. 14 Nature The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the east. Usage tips Physical usually comes before the noun it describes. Parts of speech physically adv 9. process n. A series of steps leading to a result To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letterwriting and interviews. Usage tips Process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a verb. Parts of speech proceed v, process v 10. survive v. To continue living (despite some danger or illness) After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild plants and catching fish. Usage tips Survive is often followed by a phrase with by. Parts of speech survivor n, survival n TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. physical 2. migration 3. adapt 4. inherent 5. survive (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) not an integral part stay the same die staying in one place mental TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the blank. Evolution and Migration 15 diverse evolved generation process survive _______________1. Various languages are spoken on the Indian subcontinent. _______________2. Making bread involves a sequence of steps that takes about three hours. _______________3.Few sea turtles manage to live through their first year of life. _______________4. This age group tends to support current educational policies. _______________5. Her thinking about economics has changed slowly in the last several months. TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. The migration from Asia to North America across the Bering Strait (perhaps by land bridge) was a monumental event in human history. The process of overspreading the Americas took more than 1,000 years, or 30 generations.This might seem to confirm common sense—that slow travel was inherent in any great migration without wheeled vehicles across unknown terrain. Further thought shows Bonus Structure— that this process was remarkably fast—about 10 north- Further thought south miles per year, on average. The Americas were means â€Å"looking deeper; thinking populated at an astounding pace, when one considers more. † the physical limits of the human body and the physical features of the American continents. Legs of humans can move only so fast under the best of circumstances, and they work even slower over mountain passes or deserts.Populations spread through the diverse regions of the Americas (grasslands, eastern forests, coastal swamps) and needed to adapt to their new environments. The migrants’ lifestyle had evolved over the years to that of professional nomads ensuring that they would find the resources needed to survive. 16 Nature 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information in this passage? a. Human migration across the Bering Strait was remarkably slow. b. Physical limitations made migration across the Bering Strait almost impossible. c. Humans readily adapted to life in the Bering Strait. d.The migration through the Americas was surprisingly fast. 2. In this passage, the word monumental is closest in meaning to a. b. c. d. disastrous evolving important physical Lesson 3 Evolution and Migration TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c TOEFL Prep II 1. diverse 2. process 3. survive 4. generation 5. evolved TOEFL Success 1. a 2. c LESSON 4 Petroleum Alternatives Target Words 1. constraint 2. contamination 3. deplete 4. dispose of 5. elementally 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. emission extinction reservoir shrink stable Definitions and Samples 1. constraint n. Something that restricts thought or actionThe constraints of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Morris more than once a month. Parts of speech constrain v 2. contamination n. Being made less clean by a germ or hazardous substance The contamination in the river came from the factory located just upstream. Parts of speech contaminate v, contaminant n 3. deplete v. To greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material The prolonged war depleted the country’s national treasury. Parts of speech depletion n Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 18 Nature 4. dispose of v. To throw away; to get rid of; to killShe disposed of her unwanted possessions before moving. The tyrant cruelly disposed of all his enemies. Usage tips Dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning, dispose does not occur without of. Parts of speech disposal n, disposable adj 5. elementally adv. In terms of elements; basically Elementally, coal and diamonds are the same. Parts of speech element n, elemental adj 6. emission n. Sending out from a small space into the general environment; a substance discharged into the air The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of pollutants into the air.Usage tips Emission is usually followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech emit v 7. extinction n. Complete disappearance; the end of existence Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species. Usage tips Extinction implies an absolute end; an extinct thing cannot be brought back into existence. Parts of speech extinct adj 8. reservoir n. A place where a liquid is collected and stored Cult members threatened to poison the town’s water reservoir. Parts of speech reserve v 9. shrink v. To become reduced in size, amount, or value If you dry your clothing on the â€Å"high heat† setting, they may shrink.Parts of speech shrinkage n, shrinkable adj Petroleum Alternatives 10. stable adj. Firm and dependable; showing little change He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable. 19 Parts of speech stability n, stably adv TOEFL Prep I Find the word that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. stable 2. contamination 3. extinct 4. dispose of 5. shrink (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) keep expand unsteady existing purity TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 1. The (constraints / contamination) of being in prison made her hate society even more. 2.A recognition that the Earth is round was one of the (elemental / shrunken) advances in thought during the time period. 3. Mother Teresa, who helped the poorest of the poor, had a great (disposal / reservoir) of love within her spirit. 4. Automobiles are responsible for some (emissions / extinction) of greenhouse gases. 5. By the end of the storm, the hikers had (depleted / reserved) even their emergency stores. TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the question that follows. Human consumption of fossil fuels is expected to fully deplete the Earth’s crude oil reserves by the year 2060.As underground reservoirs of oil continue to shrink, we have no choice but to find alternatives. One promising source, with much cleaner emissions, is called bio-diesel. Bio- Bonus Structure— One promising source signals the point of this paragraph. 20 Nature diesel is often made from soybean oil, although it can be made from any vegetable oil that is not elementally different from soy. Bio-diesel can even be made from used cooking oils that homes or restaurants would otherwise dispose of. Bio-diesel can be used without constraint in any vehicle that runs on diesel—no modifications are needed.Presently, diesel engines can take up to 20 percent soy in their soy-diesel blend. As the need for bio-diesel increases and the technology improves, we may soon witness the extinction of the fossil-fueled vehicle. This is good news for the planet, as bio-diesel is a more stable source of energy than petroleum, and it reduces contamination of our air and water. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. In each blank, write the letter of one of your choices.Bio-diesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. †¢ †¢ †¢ a. Humans have shown little self-restraint in their consumption of fossil fuels. b. Underground reservoirs of oil will soon be depleted. c. Bio-diesel burns cleaner than fossil fuels. d. Bio-diesel comes from a more stable source than petroleum. e. Restaurants can save disposal fees on used cooking oil. Lesson 4 Petroleum Alternatives TOEFL Prep I 1. c 2. e 3. d 4. a 5. b TOEFL Prep II 1. constraint 2. elemental 3. reservoir 4. emission 5. deplete TOEFL Success a, c, d Science Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.This page intentionally left blank. LESSON 5 Time Efficiency Target Words 1. adjust 2. arbitrary 3. denominator 4. exponentially 5. infinitesimal 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. maximize parallel proportion rate sequence Definitions and Samples 1. adjust v. To change; to get accustomed to something Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the new time zone. Parts of speech adjustment n, adjustable adj 2. arbitrary adj. Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific reason The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns. Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv 3. denominator n. The number written below the line in a fraction In the fraction 1? 2, the number 2 is the denominator. Usage tips The phrase lowest common denominator means â€Å"the most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share. † Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational adj Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 24 Science 4. exponentially adv. At a very fast rate In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the last several decades.Usage tips Exponentially is taken from mathematics, where an exponent is a number indicating how many times something is multiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponent â€Å"3,† indicating 4 ? 4 ? 4. Parts of speech exponent n, exponential adj 5. infinitesimal adj. Immeasurably small The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the water was safe to drink. Parts of speech infinitesimally adv 6. maximize v. To increase or make as great as possible A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential. Parts of speech maximum n, maximum adj 7. parallel adj. Being an equal distance apart everywhereThe street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town. Usage tips Parallel is often followed by to. Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv 8. proportion n. A part in relation to the whole The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mails. Usage tips Proportion is often followed by of. Parts of speech proportionate adj, proportionally adv 9. rate n. The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that happens in a certain time. Postal rates in Japan are among the highest in the world. Time Efficiency Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day. 5 Parts of speech rate v, rating n 10. sequence v. To organize or arrange in succession Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the boxes. Parts of speech sequence n, sequentially adv TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once. adjust arbitrary denominator infinitesimal rate 1. Students felt that the exam was unfair and the grading system was rather __________. 2. The __________ of increase in prices made it difficult for people to afford basic goods. 3.Politicians promised great changes in the coming year, but any improvement in people’s lives was __________. 4. She quickly overcame her culture shock and found it easy to __________ to the new country. 5. You can add two fractions that have the same __________. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. arbitrary 2. maximize 3. sequence 4. infinitesimal 5. parallel (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) mix up intersecting minimize huge planned out 26 Science TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you ave learned. Answer the questions that follow. Time is, as we all know, money. Such valuation of time leads people to extreme efforts to maximize their use of time. Some people obsess over knowing the exact time. They buy clocks and watches that automatically adjust themselves over the Internet or by radio Bonus Structure— As we all know waves. These measurements allow them infinitesimal accuracy is a writer’s device in dealing with time. Regardless of how one tracks time, most for appealing to people share a common goal: They want to use time common knowledge. effectively.Since about 1982, this efficiency has increased exponentially each year, thanks to computers and their ability to multitask. In multitasking, a computer executes several different tasks in parallel. Rather than being set arbitrarily, each task is given a priority in the computer’s operating system, and time is spent in proportion to the priority of the task. The computer executes different sequences of tasks at different clock cycles, thereby increasing the rate of output from a process. 1. Why does the author mention computer multitasking in this article? a. b. c. d. ecause it is new because it measures time better than any clock because it helps people to arrange their activities sequentially because it is a good example of the efficient use of time 2. The underlined word sequences in the passage is closest in meaning to a. b. c. d. styles lengths orderings difficulty levels Lesson 5 Time Efficiency TOEFL Prep I 1. arbitrary 2. rate 3. infinitesimal 4. adjust 5. denominator TOEFL Prep II 1. e 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b TOEFL Success 1. d 2. c LESSON 6 Ancient Life Target Words 1. accuracy 2. adjacent 3. compress 4. feasibly 5. gut 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ntegrally overlap retain seep structure Definitions and Samples 1. accuracy n. Precision; exactness The research department checks all our articles for accuracy of facts before we print them. Usage tips Accuracy is often followed by of. Parts of speech accurate adj, accurately adv 2. adjacent adj. Next to Even though the villages are adjacent to each other, their residents speak different languages. Usage tips Adjacent is often followed by to. Parts of speech adjacency n 3. compress v. To press together To make the foundation stronger, they compressed the soil before pouring the concrete.Parts of speech compression n, compressed adj Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 28 Science 4. feasibly adv. Practically; in a way that can work Scientists can’t feasibly bring energy from deep ocean currents to where it is needed—on land. Parts of speech feasibility n, feasible adj 5. gut v. To empty or hollow out In order to remodel the house, we must first gut it and throw away all the old fixtures. Usage tips Gut also means â€Å"the stomach of an animal†; this verb makes an image, that the inside of a building is like the inside of an animal.Parts of speech gut n, gutted adj 6. integrally adv. In a whole or complete manner Writing and spelling are taught integrally as part of the reading program. Parts of speech integrate v, integrity n, integral n, integral adj 7. overlap v. To lie over part of something; to have elements in common One of the two assistants will likely get fired, since most of their duties in the office overlap. Parts of speech overlap n 8. retain v. To keep or hold The rain fell so heavily that the banks of the river could not retain all the water. Parts of speech retainer n, retention n 9. seep v.To pass slowly for a long time, as a liquid or gas might As the containers rusted, the toxic waste seeped into the ground. Usage tips Seep is often followed by into or through. Ancient Life 10. structure n. Something constructed, such as a building 29 Most companies have a social structure that can’t be understood by outsiders. Parts of speech structure v, structural adj, structurally adv TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once. accuracy adjacent feasibly integrally structure 1.She had no idea how they could __________ take a big vacation and remodel their house in the same year. 2. Daily meditation is used __________ with medication and massage as part of the recovery plan. 3. The rival politicians were raised in __________ counties. 4. If you build a __________ next to this river, you must be sure it is safe against floods. 5. Once he ran for public office, he understood the importance of checking public statements for __________. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. . seep 2. gut 3. retain 4. compress 5. overlap (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) fill separate stay contained loosen throw away TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. 30 Science Organic products from ancient life are an integral part of the Earth’s resources, offering scientists a more accurate picture of ancient life-forms. One key to ancient life comes in the form of petrified matter. Petrifaction is a process that slowly turns the remains of a living object into stone. In this process, minerals seep into a mass of organic matter.After the organic matter has been replaced, a mineral version of the living object is left. Petrifaction often occurs in trees that are found adjacent to rivers, floodable areas, and volcanoes, which provide the mud or ash that initially covers the organic matter. Some pieces of petrified wood retain the original cellular structure of the wood and the grain can be easily Bonus Structure— seen. Today, it is feasible to petrify wood in a simple In this context, laboratory process. today means â€Å"at present; at this time Fossils are another way that ancient life is preserved. in history. Most fossils include an animal’s hard parts, such as teeth and bones. One type of fossil, called a trace fossil, may also include eggs, tooth marks, contents of the guts, and fossil excrement. Some products from ancient life offer us more than scientific knowledge. One such product is coal, a solid fuel of plant origin. It develops over millions of years, during which swamp vegetation is submerged in water, depleted of oxygen, and covered by layers and layers of sand and mud. These overlapping layers settle with the Earth’s movements and are compressed over time. 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? . Preserved life-forms, including petrified matter and fossils, teach us about ancient life. b. The primary function for preserved life-forms is scientific discovery. c. Scientists try to replicate natural processes that preserve ancient life-forms. d. Ancient organic matter provides the most concentrated forms of energy known to humans. 2. In the passage, the words submerged in are closest in meaning to a. b. c. d. made wet completely covered adjacent to depleted of Ancient Life 31 Lesson 6 Ancient Life TOEFL Prep I 1. feasibly 2. integrally 3. adjacent 4. structure 5. accuracy TOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. d 5. TOEFL Success 1. a 2. b LESSON 7 Computers Target Words 1. circulate 2. corrode 3. derive 4. detection 5. expeditiously 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. implement innovative installation maintenance simulation Definitions and Samples 1. circulate v. To move throughout an area or group; to move along a somewhat circular route The gossip circulated quickly through the small town. Blood circulates more quickly during physical exercise. Usage tips Circulate is often followed by through. Parts of speech circulation n 2. corrode v. To be slowly weakened by chemical reactions Sitting in salt water, the old coins corroded and became very easy to break.Usage tips A familiar kind of corrosion produces rust, the reddish coating on iron or steel that has been exposed to air and water. Parts of speech corrosion n Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Computers 3. derive v. To come from, usually through a long, slow process The Cyrillic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet. 33 Usage tips Derive is often followed by from. Parts of speech derivation n, derivative adj 4. detection n. Discovering something that cannot easily be found With new medical technology, the detection of cancer is much easier nowadays.Usage tips Detection is often followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech detect v, detectable adj 5. expeditiously adv. Quickly and efficiently Using carrier pigeons, the military commanders exchanged messages expeditiously. Parts of speech expedite v, expedition n, expeditious adj 6. implement v. To make use of; to carry out Not until after the new software was installed could we implement the new filing system. Parts of speech implement n, implementation n 7. innovative adj. Ahead of the times; novel The innovative use of props and lighting drew many favorable comments. Parts of speech innovation n 8. installation n. Setting something into position for use Installation of the new software takes only four minutes. Parts of speech install v 9. maintenance n. The act of keeping something in good condition The only problem with living in such a big house is that it requires a lot of maintenance. Parts of speech maintain v 34 Science 10. simulation n. An imitation or representation To test car safety, automobile makers study crash simulations. Parts of speech simulate v, simulator n TOEFL Prep I Circle the most likely meaning of the word part that is shared within each set of words. 1. circulate, circumnavigate, circuitThe root circ / circum probably means a. b. c. d. around broken fair straight 2. innovative, novel, renovate The root nov probably means a. b. c. d. clear old new sweet 3. installation, implement, imprison The prefix in-/im- probably means a. b. c. d. aside behind in out TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Please make sure this information (circulates / derives) throughout the office quickly. 2. The (installation / simulation) of the new telephones took three days. 3. In order to stay on schedule, we need to complete this project as (expeditiously / innovatively) as possible. Computers 35 . The smuggler moved cautiously through the airport to avoid (detection / maintenance). 5. Years of neglect had caused the building’s water pipes to (corrode / implement). TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. As dependence on computers increases, so does the need for technical support. From installation of software to detection of viruses, computers require constant vigilance. Most larger companies find it most expeditious to maintain in-house computer staff. Many smaller companies, however, can’t fund their own full-time, in-house technical help.Instead, many of them assign the task of computer maintenance to a current employee who may not have any formal training. Rather, these â€Å"computer buffs† have derived their skills through practice and self-training. These selfappointed tech specialists, however, often cannot solve bigger problems. What’s more, they may see their office relations corrode when they are swamped with basic user questions that they simply don’t have time to address. For these reasons, many small companies choose to employ a freelance technical assistant who circulates among clients on an as-needed basis.With their professional training, these consultants may propose innovative solutions to users’ unique needs, which could vary from tracking inventory to simulating mechanized processes. They can implement new programs, train personnel, and escape the workplace before being asked,â€Å"How can I cut this file and paste it somewhere else? † 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? a. Larger companies are better off using freelance technical consultants. b. Computer maintenance and troubleshooting cuts into employee productivity. c.Self-trained technical support personnel are often as effective as trained professionals. d. Smaller companies may benefit from hiring occasional technical support. 36 Science 2. The article implies that the question How do I cut and paste a file? is a. b. c. d. too basic to require professional attention a good question to give to in-house tech support appropriate for a freelancer to address a good topic for a training program Lesson 7 Computers TOEFL Prep I 1. a 2. c 3. c TOEFL Prep II 1. circulate 2. installation 3. expeditiously 4. detection 5. corrode TOEFL Success 1. d 2. a LESSON 8 Energy Target Words 1. combustion 2. component 3. onvey 4. discretely 5. nucleus 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. permeate rotate solar source trigger Definitions and Samples 1. combustion n. The process of burning When air quality is poor, combustion of materials in a fireplace is prohibited. Usage tips Combustion is often followed by of. Parts of speech combust v, combustible adj 2. component n. One part of a system or whole Their home theater system has a number of separate components. Usage tips Component is often followed or preceded by of. 3. convey v. To transport from one place to another; to transmit or make known A messenger conveyed the prince’s letter to the commander of the army. Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 38 Science The worst part about being a doctor was when she had to convey bad news to a family. Parts of speech conveyance n, conveyor n 4. discretely adv. Separately; distinctly In order to understand how the engine worked, each component needed to be studied discretely. Parts of speech discrete adj 5. nucleus n. A central or essential part around which other parts are gathered; a core The nucleus of many European cities is the town square. Usage tips Nucleus is often followed by of. Parts of speech nuclear adj 6. permeate v.To spread or flow throughout; to pass through or penetrate The smell of cooking permeated the entire apartment building. Parts of speech permeation n 7. rotate v. To turn around; to take turns in sequence The planet rotates on its axis once every 14 Earth days. The children rotate classroom responsibilities on a weekly basis. Parts of speech rotation n 8. solar adj. Of, or relating to, the sun The ancient society kept time with a solar calendar. 9. source n. The point of origin or creation The reporter was unable to identify the source of the information for his story. Parts of speech source v Energy 10. trigger v.To set off or initiate 39 I was certain any mention of politics would trigger a big argument. Parts of speech trigger n TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once. combustion convey permeate source trigger 1. It is often difficult to __________ the meaning of a poem to a large audience. 2. The __________ of the gossip was someone inside this office. 3. Her bad mood that day __________ the atmosphere in the laboratory. 4. The internal __________ engine revolutionized the way automobiles run. 5. A igarette __________ the explosion. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. rotate 2. solar 3. component 4. discretely 5. nucleus (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) separately, as an individual part spin on an axis sun center part TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in steam turbines. There are many discrete steps in this process. In a steam turbine, 40 Science combustion of coal, petroleum, or natural gas heats water to make steam.The steam rotates a shaft that is connected to a generator that produces electricity. Finally, that electricity is converted by a transformer and conveyed from the turbine to its place of use. Many sources can provide energy to heat the water in a steam turbine. Coal is primary, producing 51 percent of the country’s electricity. Another common way to heat water for steam turbines is through nuclear power. In nuclear fission, atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons, triggering a continuous chain of fission that releases heat. In 2001, nuclear power generated 21 percent of the electricity in the United States.Solar power produces less than 1 percent of the United States’ electricity needs, because it is not Bonus Structure— regularly available and harnessing it is more expensive than In this context, still using fossil fuels. Dependence on electricity permeates daily means â€Å"even so; life in the United States. Still, few people are aware of the despite this. † many components of electricity production. 1. What does the author say about solar power? a. It produces more electricity than any other source. b. It is a relatively small source of energy for heating water in steam turbines. c. Electricity producers are rying to use it more regularly. d. Researchers are trying to make it cheaper to use. 2. In the passage, the word transformer probably refers to a a. b. c. d. truck generator that produces electricity type of turbine device that changes electric currents Lesson 8 Energy TOEFL Prep I 1. convey 2. source 3. permeated 4. combustion 5. triggered TOEFL Prep II 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d TOEFL Success 1. b 2. d Mind and Body Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. This page intentionally left blank. LESSON 9 Memory Target Words 1. acquisition 2. anomaly 3. consciously 4. egrade 5. gap 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. indisputable intervene intuitively recede retrieve Definitions and Samples 1. acquisition n. The act of taking possession of something Our recent acquisition of over 2,000 books makes ours the biggest library in the region. Usage tips Acquisition is often followed by of. Parts of speech acquire v 2. anomaly n. Something unusual White tigers get their beautiful coloring from a genetic anomaly. 3. consciously adv. With awareness of one’s actions He may have hurt her feelings, but he never would have done so consciously. Parts of speech consciousness n, conscious adjCopyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 44 Mind and Body 4. degrade v. To reduce in value or strength The roads in cold or wet areas of the United States degrade faster than those in warm, sunny regions. Parts of speech degradation n, degradable adj 5. gap n. Opening; a big difference in amount or quality The small gap between the walls in the old house caused cold drafts to come in. 6. indisputable adj. Beyond doubt; unquestionable The members of the jury found her guilty because they found the facts of the case indisputable. Parts of speech indisputably adv 7. intervene v.To come between A good mediator intervenes only as much as necessary to settle a dispute between other parties. Parts of speech intervention n 8. intuitively adv. By means of a natural sense about things that are hard to observe Many mothers know intuitively when something is wrong with their children. Parts of speech intuition n, intuitive adj 9. recede v. To move back or away from After the age of 30, his hairline began to recede further back from his forehead. Parts of speech recession n, recessive adj 10. retrieve v. To bring or get back Most dogs can be trained to retrieve objects that their owners have thrown.Parts of speech retriever n, retrievable adj Memory 45 TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. degrade 2. anomaly 3. recede 4. intervene 5. indisputable (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) stay out of a dispute improve questionable the norm come forward TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 1. A huge (anomaly / gap) between the wealthy and the working class often leads to social unrest. 2. The new computers enable us to (intervene / retrieve) information more quickly. . Although she wasn’t qualified for the job, she (indisputably / intuitively) felt that she should apply. 4. When he joined the military, he did not expect the officers to (degrade / recede) him. 5. The art in the foyer was an important (acquisition / consciousness) for the museum. TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the question that follows. Like other functions of the human mind, perception and memory are imperfect. When we tell a story about something that we witnessed, we may intuitively believe that our recollection is accurate.However, several factors bias our memories of events. To study this anomaly, let us look at the three steps of memory creation: acquisition of memory, storing of memory, and retrieval. At every stage of memory formation, distortion can occur. At the first stage, acquisition of memory, events are perceived and bits of information are prepared for storage in the brain. However, it is impossible for us to remember every single thing we observe. Through processes that are both conscious and unconscious, people determine which details they will focus on. 46 Mind and BodyIn its second stage, storage, memories can become further distorted. Over time, our memories degrade, as we forget portions of events. To compensate, we may even creatively fill in the gap created by the recession of long-term memory. Additionally, an individual’s memory can be altered during the storage stage by intervening occurrences, which can be subconsciously combined with previously stored Bonus Structure— memories. Last but not least, we search our memory to locate In sum means â€Å"to information. During recall, emotion also seems to play a part summarize; to give in memory distortion. In sum, our memories may not be the a short version of indisputable source of information that we would like them what has been stated. † to be. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. In each blank, write the letter of one of your choices. Memory provides an imperfect record of events. †¢ †¢ †¢ a. b. c. d. e. f. People purposefully present a slanted version of events. Memories can be altered at any point in memory creation. People naturally cannot recall everything they observe.Memories are an indisputable source of fact. Time and emotion contribute to memory degradation. Past occurrences often displace current memories. Lesson 9 Memory TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. a 5. c TOEFL Prep II 1. gap 2. retrieve 3. intuitively 4. degrade 5. acquisition TOEFL Success b, c, e LESSON 10 Spirituality Target Words 1. agnostic 2. animism 3. atheist 4. be inclined to 5. contemplate 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. deify ecclesiastical exalt pious sacrifice Definitions and Samples 1. agnostic adj. Believing that humans cannot know whether there is a god His devoutly Christian parents had problems with his agnostic beliefs.Parts of speech agnostic n, agnosticism n 2. animism n. The belief that natural objects, such as trees, have souls Desert cultures that practice animism often believe that winds contain spirits. Parts of speech animistic adj 3. atheist n. One who does not believe in the existence of a supreme being He argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to be anything but an atheist. Parts of speech atheistic adj Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 48 Mind and Body 4. be inclined to v.To favor an opinion or a course of action He couldn’t say which candidate he favored, but he had always been inclined to vote Republican. Parts of speech incline n, inclination n 5. contemplate v. To consider thoughtfully If you contemplate each step for so long, we will never complete this project on time. Parts of speech contemplation n, contemplative adj 6. deify v. To worship as a god When people deify the leader of their country, the leader is able to abuse power more easily. Parts of speech deity n 7. ecclesiastical adj. Relating to a church He was looking specifically for a university where he could study ecclesiastical history.Parts of speech ecclesiastic n, ecclesiastically adv 8. exalt v. To praise or honor He would often exalt the virtues of his new wife. Parts of speech exaltation n 9. pious adj. Having or exhibiting religious reverence Sometimes she was so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens. Parts of speech piousness n, piety n, piously adv 10. sacrifice v. Anything offered to a deity as a religious thanksgiving; giving up something in order to have something more valuable later on Every harvest time, the Fadeloni people sacrificed vegetables to their gods as a show of thanks. Spirituality 49In order to succeed in his career, he had to sacrifice his private life and his leisure time. Parts of speech sacrifice n, sacrificial adj, sacrificially adv TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word or phrase from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word or phrase only once. be inclined to contemplate deify exalted sacrifice 1. Traditionally, the Camerian society __________ its leaders, considering them to be sent from the land of the gods. 2. To do well in his university courses, he had to __________ a lot of his personal time. 3.The generation of American leaders known as â€Å"the Founders† are __________ by many scholars for their wisdom and courage. 4. She knew she would always __________ agree with what her mother said, so she struggled to remain unbiased. 5. The human resources department __________ whether they should let Mary go. TOEFL Prep II Circle the likely meaning of the word part that is shared within each set of words. 1. animism, animal, animation The root anima probably means a. b. c. d. color death many life 50 Mind and Body 2. atheistic, amoral, apathetic The prefix a probably means a. b. c. d. not loving excessive surelyTOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. In Russia, several religions coexist, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and animism. The most common religion is Christianity, and most Christians are members of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Church has existed for over 1,000 years, surviving even the official atheism of the Soviet era and the agnosticism that may have been even more prominent at the time. During the communist years, many Russians who practiced Orthodoxy sacrificed career and educational opportunities.The tenacity of Russian Orthodoxy may explain why even nonreligious Russians are inclined to call themselves Russian Orthodox. That same staying power drives the Church today, which is run by Aleksey II of Moscow. Born Aleksey Mikhailovich Ridiger, the future patriarch was from a very pious family. As a boy, Aleksey was often taken by his parents on their annual pilgrimages, when he most certainly began contemplation of Bonus Structure— the religious way of life he was to choose. As patriarch, Aleksey Here As patriarch is exalted in the Church governance, but he is not deified. means â€Å"while Aleksey has published articles on Church history and orking in the peacemaking in both the ecclesiastical and secular press, position of church leader. † broadening the Church’s image both in Russia and abroad. 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? a. b. c. d. The Russian Orthodox Church was banned under Soviet control. Few Russians believe in a god. Aleksey II has updated the church’s image. The Russian Orthodox Church has a long history of strong membership in Russia. Spirituality 2. According to the passage, Aleksey II of Moscow is a. b. c. d. a god a high church official a secular leader an atheist 51Lesson 10 Spirituality TOEFL Prep I 1. deifies 2. sacrifice 3. exalted 4. be inclined to 5. contemplated TOEFL Prep II 1. d 2. a TOEFL Success 1. d 2. b LESSON 11 Illness Target Words 1. aggravate 2. decrepit 3. disease 4. fatally 5. forensics 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. persist prognosis terminal vein wound Definitions and Samples 1. aggravate v. To make worse; to anger or intensify Running will aggravate your sore knees. Parts of speech aggravation n 2. decrepit adj. Weakened or worn out because of age, illness, or excessive use The once-beautiful building was now dirty, decrepit, and roofless. 3. disease n.An unhealthful condition caused by an infection or a longterm physical problem Thanks to developments in medicine, many once-fatal diseases can now be cured. 4. fatally adv. Causing death or disaster The soldier was fatally wounded in the battle. Parts of speech fatality n, fatal adj Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Illness 53 5. forensics n. The use of science and technology to investigate facts in criminal cases Advances in the study of forensics have made it much easier to identify criminals from very small traces of evidence. Parts of speech forensic adj 6. persist v.To continue to exist; to hold to a purpose, despite any obstacle If your symptoms persist, you should go see a doctor. Lola persisted in her efforts to become a lawyer. Parts of speech persistence n, persistent adj 7. prognosis n. An educated guess of how something will develop, especially a disease The room fell silent when the doctor gave Senator Grebe a grim prognosis of months of treatment. 8. terminal adj. Located at an end; approaching death The cancer ward at the hospital held both terminal and recovering patients. Parts of speech terminate v, terminally adv 9. vein n. Any of the tubes that form a branching system, especially those hat carry blood to the heart She became fascinated with human anatomy, especially when she learned how veins transport oxygen. 10. wound v. To inflict an injury on Sometimes he didn’t realize his sharp humor could wound as well as entertain. Parts of speech wound n TOEFL Prep I Choose the word from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the blank. disease fatal persist prognosis wound 54 Mind and Body 1. He sustained a serious injury in the war, so he was sent home immediately. 2. Her sickness was so rare, doctors weren’t certain how to treat it. . His motto was to keep trying, no matter what happened. 4. The medical staff could not know for sure whether the treatment would work, but they made a confident prediction that the patient would recover. 5. The airplane crash was tragic, killing many people immediately and inflicting injuries on others that would eventually prove deadly. TOEFL Prep II Next to each definition, write the word that most closely fits it. aggravate decrepit forensics terminal vein 1. the science involved in solving crimes 2. a vessel for carrying blood 3. to make worse 4. unable to be cured 5. in very bad conditionTOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. The man was decrepit. With high blood pressure, cancer, and liver disease, he aggravated his situation by smoking. His prognosis was death. His advanced lung cancer was terminal, and his family members knew that he would pass away soon. So no one was surprised to find him dead on that sharp winter Thursday, no one, that is, except one sharp-eyed detective, Illness 55 who noticed the bedroom window ajar on the morning of the old man’s death. Would a fatally ill person be likely to sleep with the window open on a freezing cold night?This question occupied forensic specialists from the medical examiner’s office. There, an autopsy revealed an unlikely wound on the victim’s thigh. Such a wound could easily have been inflicted by someone administering medicine . . . or poison. From there, the poison could travel through the veins, shutting down vital organs and causing death within seconds. Indeed, the death turned out to be murder in the first Bonus Structure— degree. Criminal investigators persisted in their questioning Indeed indicates of friends and family, only later finding the motive: money. that an idea in an earlier paragraph Two distant relatives who stood How to cite Toefl, Papers

Epic of Gilgamesh free essay sample

Like any story, epics are only as captivating as the actions of their main character. The development of an epic hero begins with the buildup and occurrence of an event that either triggers or happens due to the tragic flaw of the hero. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the protagonist fills the classic example of a hero through some obvious and sometimes more subtle aspects of the story. Without a hero, there is no epic. Likewise, without Gilgamesh, there is no epic tale of his triumph. Through his changes in character and environment, Gilgamesh completes his compelling journey as an entirely changed person. I believe that person is a hero. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is a brute tyrant who rules the kingdom of Uruk with an iron fist. The epic states, â€Å"Gilgamesh does not leave a girl to her mother. The daughter of a warrior, bride of a young man† (Tablet I Line 57-58). Through out the large ajority of the text, Gilgamesh regards death with disdain and fear, unwilling to accept that mortality, in the literal sense, is inevitable; thus, leading to his eventual realization that there are nonconventional ways by which can achieve immortality. Gilgameshs fear of death becomes apparent when he and Enkidu begin their quest to kill Humbaba. Gilgamesh believes that their actions and achievements hold little wait in the world, that they are naught but a puff of wind, hardly consequential in nature (Gilgamesh, 93). Gilgameshs attitude towards mortality can be aptly characterized as one of antipathy. He sets little store in human life, and in what can be achieved whilst living; essentially, rejecting any importance in mortality as a whole. This is further exemplified in his reaction to the death of Enkidu. Enkidu, having been assigned the fate of an untimely death by the gods, as punishment for killing Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven, leaves Gilgamesh in a broken mental state. Gilgamesh becomes further driven by restlessness and apprehension as he realizes the inevitability of his mortality. He cannot seem to bear the idea of himself falling into the same lifeless fate as Enkidu (Gilgamesh, 158). It becomes clear that Gilgamesh takes a very literal stance in terms of what it means to be immortal. To him, being immortal is to live forever, avoiding death. He has yet to give thought to the fact that immortality may be achieved in a less literal sense. His desire for a tangible solution to avoid the eventuality of death seems to become consuming. He is no longer really living, and is essentially becoming obsessed with death, which is opposite of becoming immortal. Gilgameshs lack of vivacity for life is brought to light upon his encounter with Shiduri. She advises him on the importance of living life ully and Joyfully; underscoring, the good in the concept of mortality (Gilgamesh, 167-168). This is Gilgameshs first encounter with the idea of figurative immortality. Shidurs advice is particularly meaningful because it is the first introduction to a the concept of a timeless existence achieved by living a unhindered life though still bound by a time limit. This point in the text is a turning point as far as what the idea of immortality is characterized as. Ones accomplishments in their mortal life can serve as a testament to them; thus preserving their memory immortally This notion greatly differs from Gilgameshs initial assertion regarding his own mortality. Gilgameshs attitude towards mortality is drastically changed upon meeting Utnapishtam, Shiduri, and Urshanabi, all of who attest to the idea of preserving ones life fguratively through the establishment of a legacy. Utnapishtam relates the story of a great flood to Gilgamesh. He describes a scene of total desolation for humankind, only to be preserved by Utnapishtams creation of a boat (Gilgamesh, 183). Utnapishtam is granted immortality by Enlil for his achievement of preserving umankind. He further describes a gathering of the gods to applaud his service to the world, resulting in his granted immortality (Gilgamesh, 190). It is apparent that the reason the gods granted a godly status to Utnapishtam, a human, was because of his accomplishment of saving the human race. His great achievement lives on through each generation of humans after the flood. Each individual is a living breathing testament to Utnapishtams mortal life; thus, granting him figurative immortality. His literal immortality can be seen as a tool by which his legacy is further stablished and its importance further highlighted. Gilgamesh is now faced with an alternate explanation for what it means to become immortal. He sees that it does not necessarily result from living forever, especially if nothing is ever achieved over the timeless period. Preserving ones self by the establishment of a legacy is now a second option by which Gilgamesh can achieve immortality. His encounter with Utnapishtam is the precipice upon which is understanding of mortality rests. In the final pages of the text, Gilgamesh describes to Urushnabi, his boatsman, the great ite of Uruk in its entire splendor. His description of the magnificent walls, gardens, and the masterful skill characteristic of the city showcases one aspect of Gilgameshs legacy (Gilgamesh, 199). He finds that he is essentially immortal due to his meaningful contribution brought to light via his prosperous and thriving city. This realization is indicative of Gilgameshs changing perspective on death. The knowledge he has gained through out his Journey and the accomplishments he has made along the way are no longer regarded as mere puff of wind, as he would have haracterized them in the beginning of the text (Gilgamesh, 93). Gilgameshs change in attitude is accompanied by a transition in what he considered to be a meaningful contribution. Unlike Utnapishtams accomplishments, which were cunning and innovative, Gilgameshs initial achievements were less knowledge based and were more a showcase of his strength. Now, however, he shows a switch from brawn to brain. He has built a prosperous beautiful city, and brought back knowledge from before the flood time. His intellectual contributions are what will endure and build his legacy. His achievements bring together the concepts of mortality and immortality. One cannot be immortal without having been mortal first. The city and the wisdom Gilgamesh provides to the world are indicative of his mortal self, having only been achieved as a mortal, and not as a god, but are also exemplary of his achieved immortality through the legacy they provide. Overall, Gilgameshs encounter with Utnapishtam is the turning point in his perception for what characterizes immortality. His apprehensive outlook is swayed towards one of acceptance when faced with death. Gilgameshs fear is a perfect mirror for the fear of death experienced by most individuals; however, it is overcoming this fear enough to make meaningtul contributions and person achievements that will set apa rt the morta from the immortal. Gilgamesh, ultimately, achieves his desire for immortality through the legacy he leaves behind. The influence of Utnapishtam, underscored by the advice given by Shiduri, proves immensely influential is shaping Gilgameshs final perception of immortality. Immortality, if only in the figurative sense, is attainable through living a good and full mortal life.

Legal Process The Pursuit of Victory Versus the Pursuit of Truth free essay sample

Supreme Court Justice Warren Burger once remarked that if he were innocent he would prefer to be tried by a civil law court, but if he were guilty he would prefer to be tried by a common law court. Since â€Å"the facts† are an important (absolutely fundamental) premise in reaching any practical conclusion about parties’ legal responsibilities, the fact-finding – or rather the fact-proving – structure of a legal system has a very significant effect on the outcome. Although academics can discuss problems from an omniscient â€Å"eye of God† perspective, the real world cannot; if a party cannot â€Å"prove† a fact to whatever standard, and by whatever means, the legal system requires then it might as well have never happened. Early legal procedures attempted to overcome this handicap by relying on divine intervention to protect or support the party in the â€Å"right† – methods of proof that we would now find distasteful and unacceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Process: The Pursuit of Victory Versus the Pursuit of Truth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every legal system must therefore work with a reconstructed model of reality, the content of which is determined by the rules of procedure and evidence (but which should ideally furnish the most accurate approximation possible of what actually happened? ) The processes for establishing your legal rights, and providing remedies for breaches of them, do in a very practical way determine what your rights actually are in any given case. In the Liberal Democrat model outlined earlier, we now expect that that these processes will be fair and consistent with the ideals of a just system. There are two major systems for establishing fact in world legal systems: †¢ the Anglo-American adversarial (or accusatorial) system, and †¢ the Continental inquisitorial system (also referred to as the civil law) system which applies in most of the non-English speaking countries of Europe. There are, however, no purely adversarial or purely inquisitorial systems in existence;  rather there are hybrids which are to a greater or lesser degree adversarial or civil law in nature. All enlightened evidential systems are probably honest attempts to discover and protect the truth, and we should perhaps think of these alternatives as reflecting a fundamental (but not mutually exclusive) difference in approach which, in a large measure, determines the procedural and evidential processes that apply in the courts and affect the prospec t of ascertaining â€Å"the truth† in proceedings. The rival systems differ fundamentally on a key method of investigation and adjudication: reliance on the accused to furnish testimonial evidence of their guilt. The essential character of these systems was summed up by the New Zealand Law Commission in 1996 in these terms: Adversarial systems require the judge to be an impartial arbitrator of facts presented in evidence by the parties to proceedings, and imply some degree of equality between the parties. These systems are also known as accusatory, so named because a person or representative of the community makes an accusation of criminal offending against a suspect. †¦ Inquisitorial systems are systems of justice in which the judge has an investigative as well as an adjudicative role and proceeds with an inquiry on his or her own initiative (unlike adversarial systems where the parties conduct investigations and present the evidence). The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination, A discussion paper Hence the cryptic description of the difference as The Pursuit of Victory versus The Pursuit of Truth. The United Kingdom and France differed in the path that they took. At this time the court systems of both England and Europe used an adversarial system to determine who could be tried for a crime and whether they were guilty or innocent (though it lacked many, indeed most, of the hallmarks, processes and safeguards of modern adversarial systems; because of the difficulties in deciding cases, procedures such as trial by ordeal or trial by combat were accepted as legitimate ways of finding truth or settling a dispute). Unless a person were caught in the act of committing a crime, they could not be tried for a crime until they had been formally accused, either by the voluntary accusations of a sufficient number of witnesses or by an â€Å"inquest† convened specifically for that purpose(an early form of grand jury). Because it relied on the voluntary accusations of witnesses, and because the penalties for making a false accusation were severe, witnesses were often hesitant to actually make their accusations to the court, for fear of implicating themselves.. In 1198, Pope Innocent III began a reformation of the ecclesiastical courts and established the Inquisition; under this new process, an ecclesiastical magistrate no longer need a formal accusation to summon and try a defendant, but could summon and interrogate witnesses under oath on his own initiative and if their testimony accused someone of a crime, then that person could be summoned and tried. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council affirmed the use of the inquisitorial system and forbade clergy from holding or assisting at trials by ordeal and combat. Confession was the essential component of the inquisitorial system employed by the ecclesiastical courts. The inquisitional oath was a sworn promise by the person under inquisition to tell the truth in answer to any question put by the court – a refusal to answer or to give a sworn statement was regarded as a confession of guilt. The purpose behind the oath was to extract a confession and the sworn statement was frequently demanded without informing the defendant of the substance of the complaint, the incriminatory evidence, or the identity of his or her accusers. In England, however, from 1160 onwards, Henry II had established separate secular courts. While the ecclesiastical courts of England, like those on the continent, adopted the inquisitional system, the secular common law courts continued to operate under the adversarial system, and the adversarial principle that a person could not be tried until formally accused continued to apply for most criminal cases. In 1215 this principle became enshrined as article 38 of the Magna Carta. In the United Kingdom the common law courts eventually achieved supremacy over the ecclesiastical courts (which were thereafter limited to matters of succession, marriage and divorce and were eventually replaced by secular courts). The inquisitorial process, however, did not finally disappear from the English system until the abolition of the â€Å"Court of Star Chamber† in 1641 (by the time of Charles I it had become a byword for the misuse and abuse of power by the king and his supporters to suppress opposition to royal policies). The common law took the position that an accused should not have to incriminate him or her self by way of either an oath or information extracted through torture and must, accordingly, have the right to remain silent. (The right to remain silent was established in the United Kingdom in the 17th Century in the Case of John Lilburne, 1638) The â€Å"privilege† (as we now call it) against self-incrimination, or â€Å"the right to silence† has come to be seen as a fundamental right and there are many ancillary related doctrines that flow from this such as the presumption of innocence, the placing of the burden of proof upon the prosecutor and the standard of proof required (beyond reasonable doubt). This is also the justification for the development of the right to cross-examine an accuser. In modern inquisitorial systems, by contrast, the accused can be required to make a statement – it is usually not under oath, and he/she cannot be cross-examined on it, so it allows them to â€Å"explain† their position without any aggressive interrogation by an opposing counsel. Modern inquisitorial systems developed after the French Revolution and spread throughout Europe and many African, Asian and South American countries – they are, in fact, more numerous than the adversarial type system of the US and Commonwealth countries. The parties are contestants; due process and the  rules of evidence (including the right to silence) have been designed to ensure that the contest between the parties is conducted fairly. There is a presumption of innocence and the accuser must prove the accusation beyond reasonable doubt without the compelled assistance of the defendant. The rules of evidence are designed to ensure that only relevant and reliable information is presented to the court, rather than irrelevant information or information the proof value of which is outweighed by its prejudicial effect. The judge (and jury) knows nothing of the litigation until the parties present their case and arguments. The presiding officer plays a passive role (like an umpire in a tennis match and the outcome is determined by the skill of the players). There is an emphasis on equality of the parties because the truth is said to be best discovered by contested assertions on both sides of the question and the contest of evidence. [This is a valid methodology for the discovery of truth in any discourse – in legal proceedings however, the methodology is warped by the fact the parties are not sharing a common pursuit or testing of the truth: see The Adversary Method in Law and Philosophy by Dixon, on Learn]. A frustrated judge in an English court finally asked a barrister after witnesses had produced conflicting accounts, Am I never to hear the truth? No, my lord, merely the evidence, replied counsel. Practical Guide to Evidence Peter Murphy In criminal proceedings, the accuser has the onus of proving the accusation beyond reasonable doubt. If the prosecution fails to meet this burden, whether through ill-preparation or simply a lack of evidence, the State loses its case. The approach is essentially the same for civil trials, except that the burden of proof is lower – the judge has only to be convinced â€Å"on the balance of probabilities†. The adversarial system is also criticized by some because it cannot as satisfactorily resolve complex business, scientific and technical issues as could, say, a panel of experts given the authority to make scientific or technical findings or, say, a Commission of Enquiry into a matter of general public importance. Since the parties have considerable control over the line of inquiry and the issues to be addressed, the conclusion reached by the court cannot be necessarily equated to an objective reality. The point was recently well made in these words by an English judge at the start of his judgment in a recent complex. A lawyer assisting a client with the resolution of a dispute must keep the client advised of alternatives to litigation that are reasonably available (unless the lawyer believes on reasonable grounds that the client already has an understanding of those alternatives) to enable the client to make informed decisions regarding the resolution of the dispute. HIGH COURT RULES 2009 [NEW ZEALAND] 1. 2 Objective The objective of these rules is to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of any proceeding or interlocutory application. DISTRICT COURTS RULES 2009 1. 1 Title These rules are the District Courts Rules 2009 1. 2 Commencement These rules come into force on 1 November 2009. Part 1 Preliminary provisions 1. 3 Objective 1. 3. 1 The objective of these rules is to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of any proceeding or interlocutory application. The objective of these rules includes, so far as is practicable,— (a) ensuring that all parties are treated equally; and (b) saving expense; and (c) dealing with the case in ways that are proportionate to— (i) the importance of the case; and (ii) the complexity of the issues; and (iii) the amount of money involved; and (iv) the financial position of each party; and (d) ensuring that the case is dealt with speedily and fairly; and (e) allotting to it an appropriate share of the court’s resources, while taking into account the need to allot resources to other cases. 1. 4 Courts to give effect to objective The courts must give effect to the objective of these rules when they— (a) do any act under these rules; or (b) interpret these rules. 1. 5 Application of rules 1. 5. 1 These rules apply to— (a) civil proceedings taken in a District Court under the District Courts Act 1947; and (b) unless otherwise provided in these rules or any other enactment, othe r civil proceedings taken in a District Court or before a Judge. 1. 5. These rules do not apply to proceedings to which the Family Courts Rules 2002 apply, namely— (a) proceedings in Family Courts; or (b) proceedings in District Courts acting under— (i) section 151 of the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989; or (ii) section 15 of the Family Courts Act 1980. 1. 5. 3 Nothing in this rule prevents the parties in a civil proceeding from applying to the court or a Registrar for an order under rule 1. 7 directing the parties to settle their dispute by mediation or other alternative dispute resolution 1. 6 Application of High Court Rules 1. 6. 1 These rules apply specified High Court Rules (for example, by listing them in the style â€Å"HCR 5. 36— authority to file documents†) and the intention is that each High Court Rule applied by these rules applies with the modifications (if any) indicated in these rules and with the other modifications necessary for District Courts. 1. 6. In general, modifications are necessary because— (a) there are jurisdictional differences between District Courts and the High Court: (b) District Courts have offices and the High Court has registries: (c) a proceeding (other than one in admiralty or defamation, or to enforce an arbitral award) will be started by filing a notice of claim, and subsequently the proceeding will follow the procedure for responses, information capsules, and notices of pursuit of claim unless a court grants leave for the parties to follow the High Court procedure for statements of claim or originating applications: (d) new forms called information capsules are to be exchanged by the parties: (e) judicial settlement conferences and judicial directions conferences are provided for under these rules rather than case management conferences. 1. 6. In applying a High Court Rule that uses a term or expression that is defined in these rules (for example, court), the term or expression has the meaning given by these rules unless these rules otherwise provide or the context otherwise requires. 1. 6. 4 In applying a High Court Rule that refers to another provision of or to a form prescribed by those rules, that other provision or form also applies for the purposes of these rules unless these rules otherwise provide or the context otherwise requires. 1. 6. 5 For example, in High Court Rules applied by rule 3. 44 of these rules (service generally),— (a) a reference to a statement of claim will have to be read as a reference to a notice of claim if the proceeding is or has been pursued under rules. Reference to a statement of defence will have to be read as a reference to a response if the proceeding is or has been pursued under those rules. 1. 7 Mediation or other alternative dispute resolution 1. 7. 1 The parties in a proceeding may apply at any time to the court or a Registrar for an order directing the parties to attempt to settle their dispute by an agreed form of mediation or other alternative dispute resolution specified in the order. 1. 7. 2 The court or Registrar may make the order only by consent of the parties. 1. 7. 3 The fact that the parties are actively pursuing settlement may be taken into account by the court or Registrar in considering an application by 1 or more of the parties for an extension of time under rule 1. 18.

Vote-Smart essays

Vote-Smart essays The vote-smart website was very interesting in that it provided a lot of valuable information regarding the current representatives. The U.S. Representative from my district is Baron Hill. He attended Furman University and received his Bachelors Degree for History in 1975. Although his voting participation is nearly 100 percent he does not always vote with his party. Currently he is active in the Agriculture, Armed Services, and Joint Economic Committees. On issues such as abortion and education, considered the most important [topic] in 2002 identified by the vote-smart website, Representative Hill voted 60 percent of the time with congress for the Right to Life Committee and 100 percent of the time for National Education Association. In the past three years Hill has voted congresss preferred position 100 percent of the time (vote-smart IGR) concerning the National Educational Association. I honestly was not surprised by the much of the information on the site. This district representative did however claim that in the interest group ratings section of the website, his party has somewhat changed their position concerning abortion from supporting it, to supporting the National Right to Life Committee. But as I established earlier, overall the facts about Baron Hill were not stunning. For this project I consulted and interviewed my mother. She in fact did vote for Baron Hill during the election in the 2000 campaign. My mother knew most of the information provided by the website, therefore she was not shocked by that which was disclosed. The way she explained her views closely resembles myself, and the same values that I hold. She strongly reacted to the issues on abortion since she is against it in most cases. Her belief is that if the woman is in danger and either her or the child will not make the delivery then the option should be provided. Because Rep. Hill changed his...